What effect did the Industrial Revolution have on European society?

The Industrial Revolution had a profound impact on European society, most notably by leading to an increase in urban migration. This period marked a significant shift from agrarian economies to industrialized ones, with many people leaving rural areas in search of better employment opportunities offered by factories and urban centers. As industries grew, cities expanded rapidly, attracting workers who sought jobs in manufacturing and services. This migration resulted in urbanization, changing the demographic landscape of Europe as increasing populations crowded into cities, leading to diverse challenges and developments in social dynamics, infrastructure, and living conditions.

The other options do not align with the historical context of the Industrial Revolution. The movement of people to urban areas signifies not a decline in power for the middle class but rather its emergence and growth through industrial opportunities. Additionally, the demand for manufactured goods actually increased during this time as production methods became more efficient and consumer needs evolved, further contrasting with the idea of reduced demand. The overall trend during the Industrial Revolution was one of urbanization and economic change, characterized by growing cities and changing labor patterns.